Ha rokete ea SpaceX's Starship e phunya sepakapaka, ha sepalangoang sa sefofane sa China se hahiloeng ka har'a naha se phunyeletsa maqhubu a leoatle, 'me ha "Hualong One" e khantšang matlo a mangata-ka mor'a liketsahalo tsena tse tsotehang ho na le mohale ea sa tsejoeng oa saense ea thepa: litšepe tse khethehileng. Ho sa tsotellehe hore na ho mamella mocheso oa 1800 ° C oa rokete, lintoa tse tletseng letsoai tse loannoang ke likepe tse khōlō, kapa li-infernos tsa nyutlelie tse loantšanang le bohareng ba letsatsi, litšepe tse khethehileng li sutumelletsa meeli ea bophelo ba indasteri ka theknoloji ea thepa e senyang.
01 Teko ka Mollo: Pina ea Leqhoa le Mollo ho Rocket Engines
Ka hare ho phaposi e tukang ya enjene ya YF-77 hydrogen-oxygen rocket ya Long March 5, 3000°C ya lebelo le phahameng la kgase e phallang ka Mach 7, mme e nngwe le e nngwe ya lisenthimithara tse tlasa kgatello e lekanang le boima ba tlou ya Afrika e emeng ka leoto le le leng. Litšepe tse tloaelehileng li ne li ka qhibiliha joalo ka chokolete sebakeng se joalo. Empa baenjiniere ba lifofane ba China ba na le sebetsa sa lekunutu—EA-625-TK alloy-e ka mamellang metsotsoana e 500 ea ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ntle le tšenyo.
Ha rokete e ntse e phatloha ka malakabe a boputsoa bo benyang, seo sechaba se sa se boneng ke Inconel 625 e mamella 2000 m³/s ea khoholeho ea khase e matla ka har'a lesela la sefahleho sa ente. E na le 61% nickel, 22% chromium, le 9% molybdenum, superalloy ena e bonts'a botsitso bo tsotehang maemong a mollo o feteletseng:
- Boselamose ba phetoho ea Nickel: Karolo ea ho matlafatsa γ 'ka li-alloys tse thehiloeng ho nickel e boloka matla a 760 MPa ho 1000 ° C-ka makhetlo a mararo a tšepe ea kaho mocheso oa kamore.
- Matlafatso ea tharollo e tiileng ea Molybdenum: Keketseho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea 1% ea molybdenum e eketsa bophelo ba mocheso o phahameng ka 15%, e leng se nolofalletsang lienjine tse kang RD-180 ho hlahisa 3,900 kN ea metsi a leoatle.
- Thebe ea oxidation ea Chromium: Libakeng tse nang le oksijene e ngata, lifilimi tsa Cr₂O₃ oxide tse entsoeng ke chromium li fokotsa litekanyetso tsa oxidation ho 1/50 ea litšepe tse tloaelehileng.
Mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea tlhahiso e joalo ka vacuum induction melting hammoho le electroslag remelting e fokotsa oksijene e ka tlase ho 10 ppm - joalo ka DNA ea tšepe ea ho hlophisa ka nepo. Khatiso ea Laser 3D e lumella li-blade tsa turbine hore li leme lijo-thollo ka tsela e tsamaellanang le khatello ea maikutlo, ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba mokhathala ka 300%.
Taba e hlokomelehang: Enjene ea SpaceX's Raptor e sebelisa motsoako o fetotsoeng oa Inconel ho fihlela likhatello tsa kamore e tukang ea 300 bar, e beha lirekoto tse ncha tsa lienjineri tsa LOX-methane. Katleho ena e tsoa ho micro-alloying e nepahetseng e nang le niobium le titanium, e eketsang meeli ea mocheso ka 150°C.
02 Kotsi ea Leoatleng le tebileng: Ntoa ea Nako e telele ea Lekholong la Lilemo Pakeng Tsa Litšepe Tsa Likepe le Li-Ions tsa Chloride
Ha e tsamaea ka sekepe Leoatleng la China Boroa, VLCC ea boima ba lithane tse 300,000 (Very Large Crude Carrier) e tobana le 2.5 kg/m² ea ho bola ha letsoai selemo le selemo. Le hoja litšepe tse tloaelehileng tsa metsing li hlahisa mekoti nakong ea likhoeli tse tharo, 2205 tšepe e sa hloekang ea duplex e mamella lilemo tse 15 tikolohong e le 'ngoe-e atolosa bophelo ba tšebeletso ka makhetlo a 60.
Ho li-VLCC tse tsamaeang Strait of Malacca, 2205 duplex steel e tobane le 3.5% ea metsi a leoatle a tletseng chloride "ntoeng" e nyane haholo. Ka 22% chromium, 5% nickel, le 3% molybdenum, microstructure ea eona ea mekhahlelo e 'meli e theha tšireletso ea mahlakore a mangata:
Yin-Yang Balance ea Duplex Steel
- Mokhahlelo oa Austenite (50%): E matlafalitsoe ka naetrojene ho thibela ho ata ha crack-"matla a bonolo" a tšoanang le Tai Chi.
- Ferrite phase (50%): Molybdenum e etsa lifilimi tsa MoO₄²⁻, e etsa "Golden Shield" khahlano le pitting.
- Ts'ebetso e ncha: Ho thetheha hantle ka 950°C ho netefatsa tekanyo e nepahetseng ea karolo bakeng sa kutu le ho leka-lekana ha matla.
- Qhobosheane ea ho bola ea Ferrite: Lifilimi tse teteaneng tsa chromium tse sa sebetseng li phahamisetsa bokhoni ba sekoti ho +1000 mV.
- Lerako le thata la Austenite: Naetrojene e eketsa bolelele ho isa ho 35%, e monya tšusumetso ea ho ruruha ha leoatle.
- Molybdenum corrosion sniper: Libakeng tse amehileng ke mocheso, Mo₂N e fokotsa sekhahla sa ho bola ha intergranular ho fihla ho 0.01 mm/selemo.
Litekong tsa papiso, litanka tsa ballast tse entsoeng ka tšepe ea 2205 duplex li bonts'itse botebo ba sekoti ba limilimithara tse 0.15 feela ka mor'a ho potlakisa lipapiso tsa corrosion tsa lilemo tse 20-ha li bapisoa le 1.2 mm bakeng sa 316L. Phapang ena e nyenyane haholo e ka bontša hore na sekepe sa tanka se qeta maeto a mang a 10 kapa che.
03 Nuclear Inferno: Bophelo le Lefu Sekaleng sa Atomic
3.1 Teko e Fetang Letsatsi
Ka har'a sekepe sa khatello ea "Hualong One", metsi a khatello e phahameng ea 345 ° C a phalla ka 15 m / s 'me a mamella mahlaseli a neutron a 10¹⁹ n/cm². EA-690-TK, e sebelelitseng mona ka lilemo tse 60, e bontša liphetoho tse nyenyane tse ka tlaase ho 0.1%—e leng se lekanang le phoso ea bolelele ba moriri o le mong feela ho tloha Beijing ho ea Shanghai.
Setsing sa AP1000, Inconel 690 e mamella khatello ea bar e 155, mocheso oa 343 ° C, le lihora tse milione tsa ho pepeseha ha neutron. E entsoe ka 59% nickel, 30% chromium, le 10% iron, e kenyelletsa lipuo tsa lisebelisoa tsa polokeho ea nyutlelie:
- Boenjiniere ba moeli oa lijo-thollo: Ho kenella ka makhetlo a mararo ho fokotsa meeli e sa reroang ka tlase ho 30%, ho theha "thibelo ea maze" ho senya mahlaseli.
- Mokhoa oa ho falla ha Chromium: Libaka tse nang le Cr-rich li ikemela ka tlas'a mahlaseli, li lokisa mefokolo e kang ea bahlokomeli ba nano-scale.
- Stress corrosion immune immune: 30% chromium e theola bokhoni ba potoloho e bulehileng ka 200 mV, e tiisa "Lebokose la Pandora" la SCC.
- Matla a matrix a Nickel: Sebopeho sa sefahleho-centered cubic (FCC) se fokotsa ho ruruha ha mahlaseli ho 0.1% selemo le selemo-1/20th ea litšepe tsa ferritic.
- Tšireletso ea Chromium SCC: Libakeng tsa boric acid, 30% Cr e phahamisa moeli oa SCC ho 25 ksi√in.
- Theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea moeli oa lijo-thollo: Triple recrystallization e phahamisa karoloana ea moeli oa Σ3 ho 75%, ho khaola intergranular corrosion sensitivity ho 1/3 ea meeli ea ASME.
China e ikemetseng ntshetswa pele CN-P2 tšepe ea boemo ba nyutlelie, e matlafalitsoeng ka V-Ti-B microalloying, e feta 250 J ka matla a ts'usumetso ea sethala se ka holimo. Litekong tsa Yangjiang Nuclear Power Plant, khanyetso ea eona ea mokhathala e feta litekanyetso tsa ASME ka 40%, e tšoaeang phetoho ho tloha ho "Made in China" ho "Innovated in China."
Setsing sa Taishan EPR, li-tubes tse fetotsoeng tsa Inconel 690 li fokolitse monyetla oa SCC ka lehlakoreng la mantlha ho tloha ho 10⁻⁴/selemo (Gen II) ho ea ho 10⁻⁷/selemo—ho phahamisa linako tsa ho hlōleha ho tloha hang ka lilemo tse likete tse leshome ho ea ho hang ho milione.
04 Phetoho ea Lintho: Monyetla o sa Feleng oa Litšepe Tse Khethehileng tsa Next-Gen
Ka laboratoring ea Harbin Welding Institute, e ncha 9Ni tšepe e etsa liteko ho -196°C metsi a naetrojene. E etselitsoe litanka tsa LNG, metsi a eona a nano-scale NiAl a phahamisa matla a mocheso o tlase ho feta 200 J. Litaelo tse hlahang li kenyelletsa:
- Lisebelisoa tsa boenjiniere ba genome: Khomphutha ea boleng bo holimo e supa lipina tse ntlafalitsoeng joalo ka Cr20Ni25Mo6N0.2, e fokotsa nako ea R&D ka 70%.
- Liaparo tse bohlale: Laser cladding WC-particle gradient coatings on 625 alloys triples triples resistance resistance.
- Lisebelisoa tsa mehla ea haedrojene: Ultra-pure Cr32Ni47 ferritic steels fokotsa hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity ka tlase ho 10 ppm.
Metamaterials: Ho Hlalosa bocha Melao ea 'Mele
Li-alloys tsa gradient tse entsoeng ka laser melting li boima ba 1/3 feela ea tšepe empa li boloka matla ho 1800°C. E susumetsoa ke masapo a silika a liponche tse tebileng tsa leoatle, sebopeho sa tsona sa khekhe ea linotši sa biomimetic ha se lumellane.
Tharollo ea Chaena: Ho Tsamaisa Phetohelo ea Lintho tsa Lefatše
Baosteel's BW300PRO offshore steel structural steel-e matlafalitsoeng ke Cu-P-Ni synergy-e boloka -60°C e thata ha e ntse e fumana matla a 690 MPa. Mokhoa ona o mocha o fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa sethala sa leoatle ka 40% mme o khutsufatsa nako ea ho fana ka karolo ea bobeli ho tse tharo.